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Provident
News
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Lynn Cofer-Chase, MSN, RN, CLS, FAHA has joined the staff of
the Addison site. Lynn comes to Provident with over 20 years experience as a
clinical lipid nurse specialist and will be assisting Provident build upon its
known strengths in lipid management and research. Welcome Lynn!
Jocelyn Shields, former
Research Assistant with the Bloomington clinic has completed a
Bachelor of Science in Public Health from Indiana University and has
moved to the Chicago area to join the Addison site as a Clinical
Research Coordinator. Congratulations and welcome to Chicago!
Ana Diaz, our Administrative Assistant with the Addison site, is expecting her second child! The new arrival will join big brother Benjamin sometime this August. Mickey Rubin, PhD and his wife Kristen are expecting their first child in July. Everyone is already sharing child rearing expertise with them so we can be certain they will be well prepared for the big debut! Mickey Rubin, Arianne Orcutt, Mitch Silverman and Linda
Derrig, have completed advanced training in Microsoft Access applications
for data management. Yolanda Cartwright, PhD has recently left Provident’s Medical Writing team to allow more flexibility in her work and home schedules. We wish Yolanda all the best in her new endeavor! Recent and Upcoming Publications and
Presentations
Publications
Maki KC,
Lubin BC, Reeves MS, Dicklin MR, Harris WS. Prescription omega-3 acid ethyl
esters plus Simvastatin 20 and 80 mg:
Effects in mixed dyslipidemia.
J CLin Lipid. 2009;3:33-38. Maki KC,
Mustad V, Dicklin MR, Geohas J. Postprandial metabolism with 1,3-diglyceride
oil vs. equivalent intakes of long-chain and medium-chain triglyceride oils.
Nutrition. 2009 (e-pub ahead of
print). Maki KC,
Reeves MS, Farmer M, Yasunaga K, Noburu M, Katsuragi Y, Komikado M,
Tokimitsu I, Wilder DM, Jones F, Blumberg JB, Cartwright Y.
Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal
fat loss.
J Nutr. 2009;139:264-270. Maki KC,
Kanter M, Rains TM, Hess SP, Geohas J.
Acute effects of low insulinemic sweeteners on postprandial insulin
and glucose concentrations in obese men.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009
(e-pub ahead of print). Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Maki KC, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Serum lipid and antioxidant responses in hypercholesterolemic men and women receiving plant sterol esters vary by apolipoprotein E genotype. J Nutr. 2009;139:13-19. Maki KC,
Carson ML, Miller MP, Kerr Anderson WH, Turowski M, Reeves MS, Kaden V, Dicklin MR.
Hydroxymethylcellulose lowers cholesterol in statin-treated men and
women with primary hypercholesterolemia.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 (e-pub ahead
of print).
Toth PP, Maki KC. A commentary on the implications of the ENHANCE (ezetimibe and simvastatin in hypercholesterolemia enhances atherosclerosis regression) trial: should ezetimibe move to the “back of the line” as a therapy for dyslipidemia? J Clin Lipidol. 2008;2:313-317.
Maki KC, Reeves MS, Carson ML, Miller MP, Turowski M, Rains TM, Anderson K, Papanikolaou Y, Wilder DM. Dose-response characteristics of high-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in subjects at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11:119-125.
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Abstracts/Presentations
American Heart Association – 49th
Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Conference.
Maki KC, Davidson MH,
Doyle RT, Ballantyne CM.
Effect
of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Non-HDL Cholesterol (Stratified by
Baseline LDL Cholesterol Level) in Statin-Treated Patients with
Hypertriglyceridemia.
March,
2009, Poster.
American Heart Association – 49th Cardiovascular
Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Conference.
Davidson MH,
Maki KC, Feinstein S, Bell M.
Triglyceride/High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio is the Strongest
Predictor of Carotid Intima-media Thickness Progression.
March, 2009, Poster.
Arteriosclerosis Thombosis and Vascular Biology Annual
Scientific Sessions.
Maki KC,
Bays HE, McKenney J,
Doyle RT, Carter RN, Stein E.
Effects of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids Co-administered with Escalating
Doses of Atorvastatin in Lipoprotein Particle Sizes and Concentrations in
Hypertriglyceridemic Subjects.
April, 2009.
Experimental Biology 2009.
Maki KC,
Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda
SS, Reeves MS, Farmer MV.
Ready-to-eat Oat Cereal, as Part of a Reduced Energy Diet, Reduces
Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Waist Circumference in Overweight
and Obese Adults.
April, 2009.
Experimental Biology 2009.
Maki KC,
Curry LL, McKenney JM,
Farmer MV, Reeves MS, Dicklin MR, Gerich JE, Zinman B.
Glycemic and Blood Pressure Responses to Acute Doses of Rebaudioside
A, a Steviol Glycoside, in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance or Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus.
April, 2009.
Experimental Biology 2009.
Maki KC,
McKenney JM, Farmer MV,
Reeves MS, Dicklin MR. Indices
of Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion from a Standard Liquid Meal Test in
Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes, Impaired and Normal Fasting Glucose.
April, 2009.
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Books and Book Chapters
·
Toth
PP, Maki KC. Practical Lipid
Management: London: John Wiley & Sons. Practical Lipid Management: Concepts and Controversies, is a text on the clinical
management of dyslipidemias. As its title suggests, the book provides a
straightforward and practical approach to the identification and treatment of
abnormalities in lipid metabolism. The target audience consists of family
physicians, internists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants,
cardiologists, endocrinologists and allied health professionals involved in the
care of patients with lipid disorders. The book is available for purchase at
Amazon.com.
·
The
book Therapeutic Lipidology edited by Drs. Michael Davidson, Peter Toth and Kevin Maki is
available for purchase at Amazon.com.
·
Maki KC.
High-viscosity hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HV-HPMC) a promising agent for metabolic
risk factor management. ACS Press, 2008
(in press).
·
Maki KC, Matsuo N, Dicklin MR. Clinical studies evaluating the benefits
of diacylglycerol for managing excess adiposity. In: Katsuragi Y, Yasukawa T, Matsuo N,
Flickinger BD, Tokimitusu I, and Matlock MG. (eds) Chapter 10. Diacylglycerol Oil, AOCS Press, 2nd ed. 2008.
·
Maki, KC and Dicklin M. How well do various lipids
and lipoprotein measures predict cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. In: Toth PP, Sica D. (eds). Clinical Challenges in Lipid Disorders.
Oxford: Clinical Publishing. June, 2008.
·
Huth
PJ, Rains TM, Yang Yifan, Philips
SM. Current and emerging role of whey protein on muscle accretion. In: Onwulata CI and Huth PJ. (eds) Chapter
13. Whey Processing, Functionality and
Health Benefits. Wiley-Blackwell. 2008.
Green Tea Catechin Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Abdominal Fat Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults.
J Nutr
2009;139:264-270.
Methods:
This randomized, double-blind clinical trial
evaluated the influence of a beverage containing green tea catechins on body
composition and fat distribution in overweight and obese adults during
exercise-induced weight loss.
The participants included generally healthy, normally sedentary men and
women 21-65 y of age, with waist circumference ≥87 cm (women) or ≥90 cm
(men) and total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL.
For 12 weeks, subjects consumed 500 mL/day of either a beverage
containing ~625 mg of catechins and 39 mg caffeine or a control beverage
containing 39 mg caffeine and no catechins.
During the trial, participants were asked to maintain constant energy
intake and to engage in a physical activity program modeled after that
utilized in the Diabetes Prevention Program.1
The goal was to achieve ≥180 min/wk of moderate intensity exercise
(e.g., brisk walking, swimming, and bicycle riding) and attend at least
three supervised exercise sessions per week.
Subjects agreed to avoid consuming brewed tea or catechin-containing
foods and dietary supplements and caffeine-containing over the counter
supplements or medications.
They
were also asked to consume no more than two caffeinated beverages per day
other than the study beverage.
Body weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and every two
weeks throughout the study.
At
baseline and following treatment, blood concentrations of lipids, fasting
insulin and glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde,
and beta-hydroxybutyrate; body composition (by dual energy X-ray
absorptiometry); and abdominal fat areas (by computed tomography) were
assessed. Participants also completed three-day diet records and the
Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire.
Results:
A large majority of the subjects were of non-Hispanic white
race/ethnicity (91%) and approximately one-half were male.
Baseline mean body mass index of the 128 subjects in the
intent-to-treat analysis (catechin, n = 65 and control, n = 63) was ~32 kg/m2.
Greater than 90% of subjects were at least 90% compliant with study
beverage consumption.
Physical
activity was similar in both groups throughout the study.
Changes from baseline in energy and nutrient intakes were not
different between treatments.
Least squares mean (95% confidence interval) body weight losses in the
catechin and control beverage groups, respectively, were -2.2 kg (-3.1,
-1.3) and -1.0 kg (-1.9, -0.1) (p = 0.079, all values are adjusted for
baseline value, age, and sex).
Changes in waist circumference were not significantly different between
treatment groups nor were changes in fat mass [catechin, -5.2% (-7.0, -3.4)
and control, -3.5% (-5.4, -1.6); p = 0.208] or intra-abdominal fat area
[catechin, -8.7% (-15.2, -2.2) and control, -1.4% (-7.7, 4.8); p = 0.125].
However, significantly larger reductions in the catechin group
compared with the control group were reported for total abdominal fat area
[-7.7% (-11.7, -3.8) vs. -0.3% (-4.4, 3.9); p = 0.013] and subcutaneous
abdominal fat area [-6.2% (-10.2, -2.2) vs. 0.8% (-3.3, 4.9); p = 0.019].
Clinical laboratory analyses showed that the
catechin beverage produced significantly larger mean ± SEM reductions from
baseline in fasting serum triglycerides (-11.2 ± 3.9% vs. 1.9 ± 4.0%; p =
0.023) and free fatty acids (-0.05 ± 0.02 mmol/L vs. 0.02 ± 0.02 mmol/L; p =
0.038).
There were no significant differences between treatments in changes
from baseline concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin,
glycosylated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,
malondialdehyde, or beta-hydroxybutyrate.
The beverages were well-tolerated, and there was no evidence of
increased adverse events or abnormal laboratory values associated with the
catechin-containing beverage.
Conclusions:
These
results suggest that overweight and obese men and women who consumed a green
tea catechin-containing beverage and participated in a moderate-intensity
exercise program tended to lose more weight and had significant reductions
in total and subcutaneous abdominal fat areas and fasting serum
triglycerides and free fatty acids compared with individuals who consumed a
control beverage and followed the exercise program.
Dr.
Maki’s Commentary:
This
study provides evidence of biological activity for green tea catechins when
consumed at a level of ~625 mg/d, which is equivalent to the amount
contained in roughly 5-6 cups of green tea.
However, it should be noted that actual tea can vary dramatically
depending on the type of leaves used, length of exposure to hot water and
other factors.
Although
limited information has been published from studies in humans, the available
data suggest that catechin consumption (375-612 mg/d) with caffeine (150-270
mg/d) may elevate 24-hour energy expenditure by 3-4%.2-4
Both catechins and caffeine appear to contribute to this effect,
although results from one study suggested that when the caffeine dose is
high (600 mg/d), catechins were unable to further increase energy
expenditure.5
Subjects in our study consumed ~150 mg/d of caffeine in both groups.
Although the difference in fat loss was not statistically
significant, subjects receiving catechins lost an additional 0.6 kg of fat
mass, so our findings are consistent with the possibility that increased
energy expenditure contributed to the effects in the catechin beverage
group.
This issue will require
further investigation.
A
mechanism through which catechins may exert their effects is inhibition of
catechol-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme that degrades norepinephrine,
producing an effect similar to sympathetic nervous system activation.
Catechins have been shown to increase fat oxidation, particularly
after meals, which may be attributable to enhanced fat oxidation by the
liver.
Catechin consumption may
also increase free fatty acid mobilization from abdominal fat stores,
accounting for the findings in animal studies that catechin feeding reduces
mesenteric fat accumulation.
The
greater loss of abdominal fat in the present study is consistent with this
possibility and likely accounts for the lower circulating levels of
triglycerides and free fatty acids at the end of the treatment period in the
catechin group.
Our
results suggest that green tea catechins were well-tolerated and have
biological activity that favorably influences body fat distribution.
Additional research will be needed to further evaluate the efficacy
and safety of clinical application of catechin-containing products, as an
adjunct to diet and exercise, in body weight management. References
1. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program: Description of lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care 2002;25:2165-2171. 2. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1040-1045.
3. Komatsu T, Nakamori M,
Komatsu K, Hosoda K, Okamura M,
4. Rumpler W, Seale J,
Clevidence B, Judd J, Wiley E, Yamamoto S, Komatsu T, Sawaki T, Ishikura Y, et
al. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men.
J Nutr 2001;131:2848-2852.
5. Berube-Parent S,
Pelletier C, Dore J, Tremblay A. Effects of encapsulated green tea and guarana
extracts containing a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and caffeine on 24 h
energy expenditure and fat oxidation in men.
Br J Nutr 2005;94:432-436.
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Provident has a team of research professionals
with extensive experience in the design and conduct of clinical trials to
evaluate pharmaceuticals, medical and functional foods, dietary supplements and
medical devices.
For
more information, visit our web site: http://www.providentcrc.com.
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